Since Alexander's invasion, a number of Greek families had settled down
in various parts of Pakistan and had made sizeable contribution to art
and architecture, science and medicine during Mauryan period. "That during
this period there were several foreign communities living in northwestern
India can be established from India's own literary records. Asoka refers
to his Yavana (Greek) subjects. He seems to have employed Greek nobles
in the service of the state." (Studies in Indian history, By K.M. Pannikar).
With the establishment of Greek rule, arts and sciences received fresh
and vigorous impetus and Taxila, their capital, became one of the greatest
centres of learning. Scholars from all over the world flocked here to acquire
knowledge. "From now on the Yavanas are mentioned from time to time in
Indian literature. Through the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom western theories
of astrology and medicine began to enter India and perhaps the development
of the Sanskrit drama was in part inspired from this source. One of the
Greek kings of the Punjab is specially remembered by Buddhism as the patron
of the philosopher- monk Nagasena; this was Milinda (Menander) whose long
discussions with the sage are recorded in a well-known Pali text, the Questions
of Milinda. Menander is said to have become a Buddhist." (The wonder
that was India, By K.M. Bhasham). "In this area (Pakistan) which came to
be known in Buddhist books as Uddiyana, Asoka's missionary activities seem
to have borne fruit and soon it became one of the classic centres of Buddhism."
(Studies in Indian history, by K.M. Pannikar). Sind was also under
the jurisdiction of the Bactrian rulers. "It is probable that both Apollodidus
and his successor Menander ruled over Sind for a hundred years." (The Imperial
Gaztteer of India, Vol XXII). In the ancient and early Indian sources we
find reference to cities built by the rulers of the Graeco-Bactrian states
in the basin of the Indus Delta.
"The expansive policy of Bactria's Hellenistic rulers, who had conquered
more peoples than Alexander himself, resulted in the establishment in the
north-western part of the sub-continent, of the so-called Indo-Greek Kingdom
stretching from Kashmir to the coast of the Arabian Sea. According to Strabon's
testimony, the Indo-Greek kings in the south possessed the lower reaches
of the Indus and the Saurashtra. The most powerful of them was Menander
(mid-second century B.C.) a master of sea ports, mines, cities and custom-houses."
(The Peoples of Pakistan, By Yu. V. Gankovsky).
"It is Hellenism that became the ideological form and justification
of this process under the concrete historical conditions existing in the
northwestern part of the subcontinent in the middle of the later half of
the first millennium B.C. This was largely due to the age-old political
as well as economic ties between the territories of the Indus Basin and
the countries of Western Asia. These ties became especially strong after
Alexander the Great's campaign and reached their climax (in the antiquity)
at the turn of our era. The local aristocracy, as G.F. Ilian points
out, "seems to have been gravitating more to the countries west and north
west of Taxila than to the countries to the south of it, both economically
and, by tradition, politically. This is attested, among other things
by the numerous rebellion raised here against Mauryan rule.
"At the same time the Milindapanha (1,2) describes the West Punjab as
"the country of the Yonana," because in the time of Menander the Hellenized
members of the local aristocracy and the descendants of the Graeco-Macedonian
invaders constituted here the ruling substratum of slave owning society.
"The top of society harboured the Greek language: by the testimony of
Philostratus Fraotes, King of Taxila (the latter half of the first century
A.D.) spoke Greek fluently. It is in Greek, as Strabon states, that the
message of the Indian (Pakistan) King Por to the Roman Emperor Augustus
(27 B.C. to A.D. 14) was composed. Some scholars hold that Greek was fostered
as a living tongue at the court of the Saka rulers in North-West India
(i.e. Pakistan).
"The northern Indian contingents supplied by Alexander the Great and
his successors into their armies seem to have become hellenized much earlier
than other sections of the population. Indigenous troops were armed with
Macedonian weapons and trained by Macedonian methods. Hellenization worked
on the offspring of intermarriages between Macedonian soldiers and Asiatic
women, as well as on the population of numerous cities founded or re-built
by the Graeco-Macedonian invaders. These cities were populated with Graeco-Macedonian
soldiers unable for further service and with local dwellers. Thus according
to Diodorus, Alexander recruited 10,000 peoples to inhabit a city he had
founded in the Lower Indus. Seleucus Nicator carried on town construction
too; he built many towns all over his vast kingdom, including "Alexandropolis
in the land of the Indians" (The Peoples of Pakistan, By Yu. V. Gankovsky).
